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There are several different forms of hormonal birth control that aid women in the prevention of pregnancy. Hormonal birth controls can differ in the amount of a hormone, the type of hormone, and the way in which the hormone will be administered into a women’s body. The pros of using hormonal birth control is that the effects are reversible and not permanent. To determine which hormone is appropriate for a female, they must consider a few factors such as cost, side effects, convenience, and future pregnancy plans. Examples of hormonal birth contraceptives include the vaginal ring, birth control pills and skin patches, intrauterine devices (IUDs), and DMPA (Depo-Provera).

Hormonal birth control can be administered in two forms, either a combination of estrogen and progesterone or progesterone by itself. The combination of estrogen and progesterone help prevent ovulation by inhibiting both LH (Luteinizing hormone) and FSH (Follicle-stimulating hormone) secretion. The combination of estrogen and progesterone also helps in lessening fertility by changing the nature of the mucus within the cervix. This makes it difficult for sperm to penetrate the egg since the eggs in the ovaries are unable to mature which in turn prevents ovulation to occur. Unmatured eggs in the ovaries leads to the absence of eggs which results in the absence of fertilization. Alongside the change in the nature of the mucus in the cervix, the combination of hormones makes the motility within the fallopian tubes decrease. The contraceptives that apply to this hormonal combination are the vaginal ring, birth control pills and skin patches. Progesterone contraceptives on the other hand do not work alongside estrogen but does deal with the effects of tubal motility and the mucus within the cervix. They prevent the release of eggs from the ovaries and there is an increase of mucus in the cervix to prevent the motility of sperm. The contraceptives that apply to this hormone are intrauterine devices (IUDs) and DMPA (Depo-Provera).

To prevent or disrupt implantation, specific drugs can be administered to terminate an unwanted pregnancy. A drug that can be used to prevent implantation is the minipill which contains the hormone progestin, a form of progesterone². The mucus in the cervix is thickened which prevents the sperm to move through the cervix. This inhibits the implantation of an egg that is fertilized in the lining of the uterus². The minipill is often suggested for women who must steer clear of taking estrogen hormones due to medical reasons. Another method that has been found useful in preventing implantation is intrauterine devices.

Oral contraceptives can also be used for clinical uses besides preventing pregnancy. The birth control pill can aid in menstrual bleeding by making it more regular, less days of bleeding, and decrease in menstrual pain and cramps. Other benefits of taking birth control pills can help with acne, decrease the chance of ovarian cancer, and iron-deficiency anemia². The one concern with taking birth control pills is that is must be taken everyday around the same time.

References:

1. Costanzo LS. Physiology. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2018
2. Kaunitz, A. (2018, September). Patient education: Hormonal methods of birth control (Beyond the Basics). Retrieved from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hormonal-methods…
3. Stöppler, M. C. (n.d.). Birth Control Pills, Shot, Patch & IUD Options & Side Effects. Retrieved from https://www.medicinenet.com/hormonal_methods_of_bi…